ONE-KEY™ Blog: Construction Industry News, Trends, Insights

What Is a Smart Building? Smart Building Technology, Explained

Written by Mike Anderson | Nov 3, 2022 11:10:00 PM

The built environment is evolving faster than ever. Everything from the humblest home to the tallest skyscraper is being shaped anew by computer technology.  

More and more, our buildings themselves are becoming enmeshed with networks of “smart” systems and devices that can talk with one another and respond to the needs of occupants in real-time. Not unlike how ONE‑KEY™ delivers smart digital solutions that connect construction professionals and the work they do in the field with key stakeholders in back office and tool crib

We’ve already talked at length about smart cities. Now it’s time to take a look at how digital technology is being used to make smarter buildings.   

In this article, we will explain what smart technology is, define what makes a building smart, and supply a brief history of the concept. Then, we will examine a few of the components and technologies that smart buildings are made of. Next, we'll discuss some of the benefits of smart buildings, and finally, a few of the challenges that these structures face. 

Table of Contents

  1. What is “smart” technology? 
  2. What is a smart building?
         a. A brief history of smart buildings 
  3. Characteristics of smart buildings 
        b. Smart building technology 
  4. What are the benefits of smart buildings?  
  5. Smart building challenges 

What Is “Smart” Technology? 

To understand what a smart building is, we first have to paddle upstream and learn a bit more about what we mean when we characterize a thing as “smart.” 

Though it typically applies to our fellow human beings, the word “smart” has increasingly been deployed to describe the rudimentary “intelligence” displayed by certain forms of modern technology. 

Where did this usage come from? In a technological context, the term “smart”  goes at least as far back as an acronym coined by IBM in the 1990s: Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology, or S.M.A.R.T refers to a failure detection system used in computer hard disks. 

Indeed, the development of “smart” tech has followed the meteoric rise of computers along their seemingly inescapable track from the early days of ENIAC and the ARPANET to our dizzyingly futuristic era of the Internet, machine learning, and artificial intelligence 

As our computers have shrunk in size and grown in power, it has become easier than ever to seamlessly weave them into “smart” consumer products, imbuing otherwise inanimate objects with active digital presences that users can access and control online.  

From here, we arrive at the Internet of Things, or IoT: Networks of “smart” objects (everything from light bulbs to refrigerators) that are connected to the internet via onboard sensors and computer chips. 

One-Key is a prime example of how a collection of smart objects can be formed into a miniature IoT network: With built-in Bluetooth and tracker tags that can be affixed to nearly any surface, users of the free One-Key app are empowered to track the physical locations of their tools and organize them into digital inventories from the convenience of a mobile device or desktop computer. But on top of that, users of smart tools can take dial in precision settings for repeatability in application-specific tasks, these tools can locked out remotely in theft situations, and data can be pulled (such as on our hydraulic tools) to generate customizable reporting for key stakeholders.

Smart Building Definition: What Is a Smart Building? 

Now that we have a clearer idea about what smart technology is, let’s talk about what makes a building smart. 

You’ve heard of green buildings: Structures designed to maximize energy efficiency and minimize negative impacts on the natural environment. 

So, what is a smart building? A smart building is a structure enmeshed with a fully-integrated IoT style network of advanced and often automated technological systems aimed at enhancing the efficiency, operability, safety, and comfort of the building 

A smart building is what you get when you combine futuristic computer tech with four walls and a ceiling. They are characterized above all else by how their disparate systems are digitally interlinked, bound together under a single system of management. Traditional buildings, by comparison, have systems that remain siloed off from one another. 

Yet many buildings nowadays have some level of “smartness” — that is, even older homes can now be retrofitted with IoT appliances like robotic vacuum cleaners and automated building-wide systems like smart thermostats.  

Which is to say that a building’s degree of “smartness” falls on a spectrum, with individual smart features on the low end and a panoply of fully-integrated and centrally managed IoT elements on the high end.  

A Brief History of Smart Buildings 

As noted in a 2009 study (2), smart buildings have existed since the early 1980s. 

A 1984 New York Times article, for example, conjures “a new generation of buildings” born from the union of traditional construction and telecommunications technology “that seem almost to think for themselves . . . called intelligent buildings.”  
 
The term “intelligent building” was coined by the United Technology Building Systems Corporation in 1981. Two years later, Cityplace in New Hartford, Connecticut, with a 38 story office tower fiber optic computer network became “the world’s first intelligent building.”  

Characteristics of Smart Buildings 

While there is no strict criteria or established checklist for what makes a building smart, there are nevertheless a few key characteristics that many modern smart buildings share: 

  • Sensors: Computer hardware in the form of sensors is embedded into the physical environment of the building. These sensors can be used for everything from security, lighting, and temperature control to actionable data capture.  
  • IoT connectivity: Every vital system, from heating and cooling to lighting and security, is part of a local IoT network that can be accessed and controlled remotely (via wi-fi in many cases) on a single, centralized, and cloud-based digital platform. 
  • Data: Think of how much data is generated within a single building. In traditional structures, this data is untapped, evaporating as soon as it is produced. In smart buildings, however, this data can be captured with advanced in-house information and communication technology (ICT) and used to glean valuable insights that guide decision-making. Machine learning algorithms may even be deployed to track and analyze big data, combing through obscure datasets that might otherwise go unnoticed. 
  • Visualization: Cloud-based platforms like Building Information Modeling (BIM) software can be deployed in smart buildings to visualize and monitor the building’s vital functions through the course of its life cycle (3). 6D-BIM, for instance, is a particularly powerful tool for tracking and tweaking a building’s carbon footprint. 
  • Automation: This is where the “smartness” comes in; the programmable IoT systems of a smart building have the ability to function at least somewhat independently of human intervention, making automatic adjustments to heating, cooling, lighting, ventilation, and security within a range of dynamic settings. 

Smart Building Technology 

Much like the glittering megastructures depicted in science fiction cinema and television, smart buildings are defined almost entirely by the advanced state of their technology. Smart buildings are therefore aspirational in a sense, gesturing toward an idealized future of frictionless indoor splendor, our every need catered to by computer-driven helpers.  

While we’re not quite there yet, here are a few of the definitive futuristic systems that can be found within modern smart buildings:

  • Smart heating, ventilation, and cooling: Controlled by a Building Energy Management System (BEMS) with online connectivity and a distributed array of sensors, smart HVAC systems can greatly increase a building’s energy efficiency by automatically monitoring and modulating temperatures within different parts of the building.  
  • Smart lighting system: Buildings can also save energy with smart lighting systems that use sensors to switch on and off based on whether or not a person is present in a room. Smart LED lights can also be controlled remotely and are vastly more energy efficient than traditional lights.
  • Smart Security: Smart security systems allow users to access a network of motion sensors and wireless security cameras from anywhere with an internet connection.
  • Air quality monitoring: An essential yet often overlooked element of a healthy indoor space is air quality. Smart air quality monitoring systems easily detect and alert occupants to the presence of trace amounts of everything from harmful particulates, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), mold spores, and more.  
  • Occupancy monitoring: One of the most compelling features of many smart buildings is their ability to not only track the functions of their internal systems but to sense the movements of the people within their walls. Everything from thermal cameras, RFID, motion-detectors, and pressure-responsive mats built into floors can be deployed in smart buildings to monitor occupants, providing a granular level of insight into how spaces are used, when, by whom, and for what purposes. 
  • Virtual assistants: By now, voice activated virtual assistants are commonplace items in many homes. Virtual assistants can be helpful for any number of tasks, from adjusting the thermostat or skipping ahead to the next song to pulling up an obscure piece of trivia online. It’s not difficult to imagine more advanced forms of AI and augmented reality tech being someday combined to embody virtual assistants as holograms in the office buildings of the future. 

What Are the Benefits of Smart Buildings? 

Humans love gizmos and gadgetry, but there are a lot of sensible reasons to be attracted to smart buildings beyond the allure of their technological wizardry. 

  1. Energy efficiency
  2. Predictive maintenance 
  3. Automated luxury
  4. Reduced operating costs

Energy Efficiency 

The most daunting yet simultaneously most exciting challenge that confronts the construction industry in the 21st Century is how to build for a future on a warming planet. While they don’t represent a be-all-end-all solution to the problem, smart buildings are an important part of how we can do just that.  
 
The latest United Nations assessment of the climate crisis is as grim as ever, reporting that there is now “no credible pathway” to keeping global warming from outstripping the 1.5 degrees Celsius threshold laid out by the Paris Agreement. The UN report shows that unless “an urgent system-wide transformation” is embraced by the international community, we are headed to a nearly 3 degree increase in temperature by the end of this century. 

There’s a host of bold actions that the construction industry can take to become more sustainable and reduce its sizable impact on global climate (roughly 39% of all greenhouse gas emissions come from buildings). One such action is to make greener and–you guessed it– smarter buildings. 

Just as green roofs and sustainable construction materials can go a long way toward decarbonizing our buildings, so too can thoughtful use of digital technologies that intelligently regulate how energy is (and isn’t) used within them. For instance, a recent study (1) found that buildings with green HVAC systems managed by a smart BEMS saw an average 7.7% reduction in power consumption. Now imagine the energy efficiency potential of a smart building hooked into a renewable grid outfitted with automatic shutters for optimizing passive solar heat.  

Predictive Maintenance 

Data captured by the building’s IoT sensor arrays can be transformed into actionable information about the performance of a structure’s various systems and when they require maintenance. The bulk of a building’s most vital functions are invisible to the occupant, be it the HVAC ducts, plumbing, or electrical lines. In a smart building, every component within these systems can be monitored remotely and flagged the moment there’s a problem.  

Automated Luxury 

The main reason for developing any form of technology in the first place is to reduce the amount of labor it takes to get through a day-in-the-life. Integrated with a structure-wide IoT, a smart building has the ability to automate all sorts of functions, from climate and light control to security and maintenance, freeing up occupants to focus their energies on other matters.  

Reduced Operational Costs 

Smart buildings are reservoirs of valuable data that can be mined and leveraged for a variety of purposes. One of those purposes is the reduction of operational costs. The data collected in a smart building can shed light on how resources and materials are being used, identifying areas of slack and waste that might be trimmed or sculpted into a leaner form of building management. 

Smart Building Challenges 

Smart buildings may be all the rage, but they’re not without their pitfalls.  Here are a few of the challenges that smart buildings face:

  1. Cybersecurity concerns
  2. Hype
  3. Privacy concerns

Cybersecurity Concerns 

Being entirely reliant on online digital infrastructure makes smart buildings uniquely vulnerable to cyber attacks. Every interconnected IoT device represents a potential attack surface that hackers can exploit to gain entry into an organization's innermost networks. Once inside, hackers can steal data, install ransomware, or seize control of a building’s basic functions. These types of attacks aren’t speculative; they’re happening right now, hence why construction cybersecurity is of utmost importance. 

In May 2019, cybersecurity researchers revealed that hackers had begun actively targeting multiple vulnerabilities in door access control systems used in roughly 2,300 buildings. Concerns about the vulnerability of IoT hardware has even prompted action by the Biden administration, which recently announced plans to create a rating system for IoT devices based on their level of cybersecurity.  

Hype 

Technology is often inaccurately touted as a silver bullet for all our problems. Given the amount of investment in the tech sector, it can sometimes be difficult to separate the hype from reality. For instance, there are plenty of online publications that suggest smart buildings can save as much as 20% in energy costs, and yet none cite reputable sources or line up with actual research, which–as we stated earlier–estimates energy savings from smart buildings more in the range of 7-8%. 

That’s why it’s important to approach the subject of smart buildings as you might any other: with a critical eye. Just as consumers of information ought to be wary of AI hype, greenwashing, and ransomware, readers are advised to be watchful for overblown claims about smart buildings that can’t be backed up with evidence. 

Privacy Concerns 

Smart buildings bristle with sensors but not everyone is thrilled about the idea of IoT appliances and occupancy monitoring systems tracking their every movement. Smart buildings may be particularly inhospitable workplaces for this very reason. Companies like Walmart and Amazon already deploy technology to listen in on their employees in their fulfillment centers and store locations. Advocates of smart tech contend that these measures are useful for boosting revenue and instilling a culture of productivity in the workplace. Workers, on the other hand, argue that smart technology leads to overwork, excessive oversight, and invasions of privacy. And while it’s true that employers have a lot of legal leeway when it comes to monitoring their workers, it’s also possible to go too far, as exemplified by Barclays bank, which faces a $1.1 billion fine for using software to surveil its employees.

Bottom Line 

Smart buildings have the potential to improve the built environment. At the same time, it’s important to keep both feet on the ground and not allow our technology to blind us to the human element. Remember, buildings are for people. A smart building’s true intelligence lies not in the sophistication of its gadgetry but in its overall capacity to improve the lives of its occupants, reduce harmful effects on the natural world, and empower human beings to make informed decisions.

References 

  1. Rocha, Paula, Afzal Siddiqui, and Michael Stadler. "Improving energy efficiency via smart building energy management systems: A comparison with policy measures." Energy and Buildings 88 (2015): 203-213. 
  2. Sinopoli, James M. Smart buildings systems for architects, owners and builders. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2009. 
  3. Yang, Ang, et al. "Adopting building information modeling (BIM) for the development of smart buildings: a review of enabling applications and challenges.” Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (2021).